IELTS Writing Task 1 Process Diagram yêu cầu mô tả các bước trong 1 quy trình – tự nhiên (vòng tuần hoàn nước) hoặc nhân tạo (sản xuất giấy). Khác với chart, process không có số liệu mà có CÁC GIAI ĐOẠN. Bài này tổng hợp cấu trúc band 7+ với mẫu bài chi tiết.

I. Đặc điểm Process Diagram

  • Không có số liệu – chỉ có các bước.
  • Dùng passive voice nhiều – vì action không có chủ thể cụ thể.
  • Dùng Present Simple – mô tả quy trình chung.
  • Sequential markers – first, next, then, finally…

II. Cấu trúc chuẩn band 7.0

Đoạn 1: Introduction

“The diagram illustrates the process of [X] / how [X] is done.”

Đoạn 2: Overview

Nêu số bước chính + điểm bắt đầu/kết thúc + nature of process (linear/cyclical).

“Overall, the process consists of [X] main stages, beginning with [A] and ending with [B].”

Đoạn 3-4: Body

Mô tả từng bước theo thứ tự. Dùng nhiều passive voice và sequential markers.

III. Sequential markers (rất quan trọng)

Mở đầu:

  • To begin with / Firstly / First / Initially / In the first stage
  • The process begins / starts with…
  • The first step involves…

Giữa:

  • Then / Next / After this / Afterwards / Subsequently
  • Following this / In the next stage
  • At this point / At this stage
  • Once X is done…
  • After X has been + V3…
  • Having + V3, the next step is…

Cuối cùng:

  • Finally / Lastly / In the final stage
  • The process concludes with…
  • The last step is…
  • Ultimately / Eventually

Cho cyclical process:

  • The cycle continues with…
  • The process repeats / begins again…
  • This completes the cycle.

IV. Passive voice trong Process

Active vs Passive:

  • Active: “Workers cut the wood.” (không biết ai làm)
  • Passive: “The wood is cut.” (chuẩn cho process)

Cấu trúc passive thường dùng:

  • S + is/are + V3 (present simple)
  • S + is/are + being + V3 (đang diễn ra)
  • S + has/have + been + V3 (đã được)

Ví dụ:

  • “The wood is cut into small pieces.”
  • “The mixture is then heated to 100°C.”
  • “After being washed, the bottles are dried.”
  • “Once the dough has been kneaded, it is left to rest.”

V. Bài mẫu band 7+ – Process tự nhiên

Đề: The diagram illustrates the water cycle.

Bài viết (175 từ):

The diagram illustrates the various stages of the water cycle, a continuous natural process that recycles water on Earth.

Overall, the water cycle consists of four main stages — evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and collection — and is a closed loop that has no clear beginning or end. Water continuously moves between the Earth’s surface and the atmosphere.

To begin with, water from oceans, rivers, and lakes is heated by the sun, causing it to evaporate and rise into the atmosphere as water vapor. As this vapor ascends, it gradually cools down. In the second stage, condensation occurs — the cooled vapor turns into tiny water droplets that form clouds.

Subsequently, when these droplets combine and become heavy enough, they fall back to the earth as precipitation in the form of rain, snow, or hail. This precipitation either falls directly into bodies of water or onto land surfaces.

Finally, water that falls on land either flows back into rivers and oceans through surface runoff or seeps into the ground, becoming part of the groundwater system. From there, the water eventually returns to the oceans and lakes, completing the cycle — which then begins again.

VI. Bài mẫu band 7+ – Process nhân tạo

Đề: The diagram shows how chocolate is produced.

Bài viết (180 từ):

The diagram illustrates the various steps involved in the production of chocolate, from cocoa beans to the final product.

Overall, the process can be divided into two main phases: harvesting and processing of cocoa beans on plantations, followed by industrial manufacturing in factories. It comprises approximately eight stages from start to finish.

The process begins with cocoa trees, which grow in tropical regions of South America, Africa, and Indonesia. The red pods produced by these trees are then harvested by workers. After harvesting, the pods are opened, and the white cocoa beans inside are removed.

Next, the beans are placed in large containers and left to ferment for several days. Once fermentation is complete, the beans are dried in the sun for about a week. After drying, the cocoa beans are packed into large sacks and transported to factories.

In the factory, the beans are first roasted at high temperatures. The roasted beans are then crushed to separate the inner part from the shell. Subsequently, the inner parts are ground into a thick liquid called cocoa mass. Finally, this mass is mixed with other ingredients such as sugar and milk to produce the chocolate we consume.

VII. Vocabulary cho Process

Verbs phổ biến:

  • collect, gather, transport – thu thập, vận chuyển
  • heat, cool, freeze – đun, làm mát, đông lạnh
  • mix, combine, blend – trộn, kết hợp
  • add, remove, separate – thêm, loại bỏ, tách
  • filter, purify, clean – lọc, làm sạch
  • pack, store, distribute – đóng gói, lưu trữ, phân phối
  • cut, slice, chop – cắt, thái
  • grind, crush, mill – nghiền, đập, xay
  • melt, evaporate, condense – tan, bay hơi, ngưng tụ
  • process, manufacture, produce – chế biến, sản xuất

Nouns chỉ thiết bị:

  • container, tank, vat – thùng chứa
  • oven, furnace – lò
  • conveyor belt – băng chuyền
  • filter, sieve – bộ lọc, rây
  • mold, press – khuôn, máy ép
  • centrifuge – máy ly tâm
  • pipe, tube – ống

VIII. Lưu ý đặc biệt cho Process

  1. Đếm số bước – mention trong overview.
  2. Phân biệt linear vs cyclical:
    • Linear: có start và end (ví dụ: sản xuất giấy)
    • Cyclical: lặp lại vô hạn (ví dụ: vòng tuần hoàn nước)
  3. KHÔNG dùng “I think” / “personally” – mô tả khách quan.
  4. KHÔNG đưa ý kiến cá nhân.
  5. Đảm bảo logic – không nhảy bước.
  6. Dùng “this”, “the”, “then” để tránh lặp.

IX. Cấu trúc câu nâng cao

Participle clause:

  • “Having been heated, the mixture is then…”
  • “Once filtered, the water flows into…”

Relative clause:

  • “The beans, which have been fermented for 7 days, are then dried…”

Cause-effect:

  • “As the temperature rises, the water begins to evaporate.”
  • “The pressure causes the gas to compress.”

X. Common mistakes

  1. Dùng Active thay vì Passive – sai phong cách process.
  2. Bỏ Overview hoặc Overview quá ngắn.
  3. Lặp lại “next, next, next” – dùng đa dạng sequential markers.
  4. Quên giai đoạn nào đó – đọc kỹ đề.
  5. Mô tả không theo thứ tự – gây confused.

Kết luận

Process Diagram yêu cầu thành thạo passive voice + sequential markers. Hãy luyện cấu trúc 4 đoạn với present simple passive, đa dạng connectors, và đảm bảo logic đúng. Sau 2-3 bài luyện, bạn sẽ tự tin xử lý mọi process trong Writing Task 1.