Câu bị động (Passive voice) dùng khi chủ thể chịu tác động của hành động hoặc khi người thực hiện hành động không quan trọng/không rõ. Bài này tổng hợp công thức bị động cho cả 12 thì + các cấu trúc đặc biệt kèm ví dụ và bài tập.

Cấu trúc cơ bản

Active: Subject + Verb + Object

Passive: Object → Subject + be + V3/V-ed + (by + Agent)

Ví dụ:

  • Active: Tom writes the letter.
  • Passive: The letter is written by Tom.

Bị động ở 12 thì

Thì Active Passive
Present Simple S + V(s/es) + O S + am/is/are + V3
Present Continuous S + am/is/are + V-ing + O S + am/is/are + being + V3
Present Perfect S + have/has + V3 + O S + have/has + been + V3
Present Perfect Continuous S + have/has + been + V-ing (ít dùng) S + have/has + been + being + V3
Past Simple S + V-ed/V2 + O S + was/were + V3
Past Continuous S + was/were + V-ing + O S + was/were + being + V3
Past Perfect S + had + V3 + O S + had + been + V3
Past Perfect Continuous S + had + been + V-ing (ít dùng)
Future Simple S + will + V + O S + will + be + V3
Future Continuous S + will + be + V-ing (ít dùng)
Future Perfect S + will + have + V3 + O S + will + have + been + V3
Be going to S + am/is/are going to V + O S + am/is/are going to be + V3

Ví dụ cụ thể từng thì

  • Present Simple: They make cars in Japan. → Cars are made in Japan.
  • Present Continuous: They are building a bridge. → A bridge is being built.
  • Present Perfect: Someone has stolen my bike. → My bike has been stolen.
  • Past Simple: Shakespeare wrote Hamlet. → Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.
  • Past Continuous: They were repairing the road. → The road was being repaired.
  • Past Perfect: They had finished the project. → The project had been finished.
  • Future Simple: They will announce the results tomorrow. → The results will be announced tomorrow.
  • Future Perfect: They will have completed the work by 5 PM. → The work will have been completed by 5 PM.
  • Be going to: They are going to release a new album. → A new album is going to be released.

Bị động với Modal Verbs

Công thức: S + modal + be + V3

  • They can solve this problem. → This problem can be solved.
  • You must wear a helmet. → A helmet must be worn.
  • She should finish it. → It should be finished.
  • They may invite us. → We may be invited.

Modal + have + V3 (modal hoàn thành): S + modal + have been + V3

  • They must have stolen the car. → The car must have been stolen.
  • She should have done it. → It should have been done.

Bị động với 2 tân ngữ

Một số động từ có 2 tân ngữ (give, send, tell, show, offer, promise, teach…). Có thể đổi 2 cách:

Active: They gave John a present.

Passive 1 (nhấn mạnh người nhận): John was given a present.

Passive 2 (nhấn mạnh vật): A present was given to John.

Bị động với “It is said that…”

Cấu trúc đặc biệt dùng cho tin đồn, ý kiến:

  • People say (that) he is rich. → It is said that he is rich. → He is said to be rich.
  • They believe she stole it. → It is believed that she stole it. → She is believed to have stolen it.

Các động từ thường dùng: say, think, believe, expect, know, report, suppose, claim, consider.

Công thức tổng quát:

  • Cùng thì: S + be + V3 + to V (S is said to do)
  • Trước đó: S + be + V3 + to have V3 (S is said to have done)

Bị động với “have/get something done”

Diễn tả ai đó làm gì cho mình (thuê người làm):

  • I had my car repaired. (Tôi mang xe đi sửa – thợ sửa)
  • She got her hair cut. (Cô ấy đi cắt tóc)
  • He had a house built. (Anh ấy xây nhà – thợ xây)
  • I’m going to get my computer fixed.

Bị động với động từ tri giác (See, Hear, Watch, Notice…)

Active: S + see/hear + O + V-ing/V (bare)

Passive: S + be + seen/heard + to V / V-ing

  • I saw him steal the wallet. → He was seen to steal the wallet.
  • They heard her singing. → She was heard singing.

Bị động với Make, Let

  • Make: Active: S + make + O + V (bare). Passive: S + be + made + to V.
    Ex: They made him sign the contract. → He was made to sign the contract.
  • Let: Active: S + let + O + V (bare). Passive ít dùng, thay bằng “be allowed to”.
    Ex: They let him go. → He was allowed to go.

Câu hỏi bị động

  • Yes/No: Did they invite Mary? → Was Mary invited?
  • Wh-: When did they build this bridge? → When was this bridge built?
  • Who: Who wrote this book? → Who was this book written by? / By whom was this book written?

Trường hợp không dùng bị động

  • Động từ không có tân ngữ (intransitive verbs): die, arrive, come, go, sleep, fall…
    Sai: She was arrived. | Đúng: She arrived.
  • Động từ trạng thái: have (sở hữu), belong, resemble, fit, suit, lack, contain.
    Sai: This book is had by me. | Đúng: I have this book.
  • Khi đại từ phản thân là tân ngữ: He hurt himself. không thể đổi.

Bài tập có đáp án

Chuyển sang câu bị động:

  1. They speak English in many countries.
  2. Someone is cleaning the office now.
  3. They have built a new hospital.
  4. Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet.
  5. The police were investigating the case.
  6. They will publish the book next month.
  7. You must finish this report by Friday.
  8. People say that he is the best teacher.
  9. I had someone repair my car.
  10. Did Mary make this cake?

Đáp án:

  1. English is spoken in many countries.
  2. The office is being cleaned now.
  3. A new hospital has been built.
  4. Romeo and Juliet was written by Shakespeare.
  5. The case was being investigated by the police.
  6. The book will be published next month.
  7. This report must be finished by Friday.
  8. It is said that he is the best teacher. / He is said to be the best teacher.
  9. I had my car repaired.
  10. Was this cake made by Mary?

Kết luận

Câu bị động xuất hiện rất nhiều trong các bài đọc IELTS, TOEIC và văn viết tiếng Anh trang trọng. Nắm chắc công thức bị động cho 12 thì + các cấu trúc đặc biệt (have something done, It is said that, modal + be + V3) sẽ giúp bạn hiểu và viết tiếng Anh tự nhiên hơn.